Questions tagged [consensus]
The process used by mutually untrusting users to agree on the validation and execution of transactions and smart contracts.
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How to retrieve a validator Fields and Index from the Beacon Chain?
I'm working on a stacking / restacking project where I need to call that function:
function verifyWithdrawalCredentials(
uint64 oracleTimestamp,
BeaconChainProofs.StateRootProof calldata ...
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Casper FFG: Why can't we just finalize a block after receiving 2/3 votes in the justification phase? Why is the finalization phase necessary?
In Casper FFG, a checkpoint takes two voting sessions to be finalized.
Say checkpoint c. First, c needs to be voted to be justified (supermajority link c'->c). Then, c needs to be voted again to be ...
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How "consensus engine" interfaces with on-chain contract data such as validator stake/pool
In some proof-of-stake Ethereum implementation that uses on-chain smart contracts to manage staking and validator selection somehow (any example would work), how does the client interact with that ...
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What's the likelihood of a large tx being included into a block
I know that on Ethereum, each block has a target size of 15 million gas, and a block size limit of 30 million.
If I send a multicall transaction that will consume around 15 million gas, with the ...
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Understanding the number of aggregations of BLS signatures
I know there are about 1 million validators in the consensus layer. As far as I understand, BLS signatures from some of these are aggregated in each block. But how does this happen in practice? In the ...
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How can I calculate a given Ethereum block's difficulty?
I understand that mining a block involves trying to generate a hash that is less than or equal to a target dictated by a required difficulty. Ethereum Wiki on Ethash:
def mine(full_size, dataset, ...
CommunityBot
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Lodestar Becon Layer Error
I am trying to set up a beacon client for my private network, I got this error, Error: First offset must equal to fixedEnd 2736633 != 2736653.
What does this mean?
The config.yaml file for the beacon ...
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Observed Beacon Committee Sizes
It says here: https://eth2book.info/capella/part2/building_blocks/aggregator/, that beacon committees are between 128 and 2048 members. It's cool to know the bounds, but anyone have any actual data ...
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How does new block propagation, step by step, work in Ethereum?
I'm trying to understand how nodes propagate new valid blocks in Ethereum.
Here's my attempt at a step by step how description of the process:
1. Miner constructs a new block and starts iterating ...
CommunityBot
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Proposer vs Aggregator rewards - who gets penalized?
Afaik, proposers get more rewards for more attestations they include.
The issue however is that proposers grab from subnet(committee) aggregators of attestations. My question is does the aggregator ...
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Proof of authority reward mechanism
Can anybody explain the reward mechanism in Proof of Authority (PoA)
protocol? What kind of reward is received by the validators in PoA?
So far I came up with the following points:
There is no ...
CommunityBot
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Can MATIC (polygon) block producers easily manipulate block hash?
Suppose a block producer on MATIC (https://docs.polygon.technology/docs/contribute/bor/consensus) is incentivized to produce a block with a specific hash. She just needs to randomly chose transactions ...
CommunityBot
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How does an Ethereum PoS node software resolve social consensus?
As a new user, when I join the Ethereum network and want to know what the consensus chain is, I have to rely on social consensus, right — like for example I get two completely different states and ...
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Consensus with nondeterministic chain code
Ethereum Virtual Machine is necessary part of Ethereum network because it ensures deterministic code execution. For this reason, it is impossible to have chain code written in general programming ...
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Bitcoin : Ethereum :: Raft : Paxo
When we look at the earlier attempts to solve consensus problem in distributed systems, we encounter Raft and Paxo, are they analogous to what we see while comparing the technology behind Bitcoin vs ...
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Avalanche Consensus and how better it is than Ethereum?
Which consensus mechanism do Avalanche currently uses and is it better than ethereum and other EVM compatible blockchain and apart from consensus what others benefits does avalanche provides us?
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Do Miners/validators get rewarded for miming/validating blocks on Testnets
We know in in Bitcoin ,the miners gets an economic incentive i.e rewards for mining and verifying the transaction to the mainnet. But in case of testnet, there is no real rewards the miners or ...
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Do consensus-clients connect with any discv5 peer or is there any optimization?
I am looking at optimising connections between validators, and I was wondering how eth2 consensus clients handle this currently.
Reading the specs at consensus-specs I couldn't find anything very ...
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What was the reason to invent the EVM?
What was the reason to invent the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)? Why not use an existing virtual machine like the Java-VM. The big advantage would be that the existing toolsets for Java development ...
eth♦
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beacon chain cannot sync with geth ethereum and error engine in geth
I had a problem while run Go Ethereum and Prysm. when both are executed, there is an error response on the Prysm beacon-chain and an error on geth ethereum. here is the error,
Beacon Chain
Geth ...
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What is the difference between Votes and Attestations?
I am looking at the block at slot 0 epoch 0 of the beacon chain here: https://prater.beaconcha.in/block/0#overview
I noticed that it has votes count as 821 but attestation counts as 0.
The question ...
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What motivates Ethereum validators to accept new members of the network?
Among existing members of the validator network, it's clear what motivates them to accept blocks by other validators: not accepting a verifiably valid block could result in slashing.
But what about ...
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Number of validators in a committee for a particular slot is not equal to the number of aggregation_bits for that committee in the slot
I was trying to make a program in which I store the attestations of the validators. But When I started running the program I ran into an error, which was that the number of validators in the committee ...
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How to confirm that data has been written to chain?
Using this toy solidity example:
contract ... {
...
uint256 public value = 1;
function setValue(uint256 x) public {
value = x;
}
}
Using ethers, if I call the above function ...
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Is Beacon Node Consensus Client Lighthouse a buggy? Unreasonable for anyone to get CheckPointSyncURL who just start and decide to install full node
I have tried to sync full Ethereum node for 3+ weeks.
Tried with 4 VPS servers and when I am gonna sync lighthouse and Geth simulatenously,
it was working well. But after a few hours, lighthouse ...
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Eth2.0 confirmation policy
In bitcoin a transaction is considered confirmed after 6 blocks.
I read that a block is finalized after 2 epochs, but I've seen that some people suggest to wait 12/15 blocks.
Why is that?
Is a ...
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Beacon consensus client lighthouse syncing speed decrease every hour - might take 1+ month to sync fully
I am installing a full Ethereum node (for geth client only) in VPS Vultr.
Last time, I tried 4 servers with different prices. Because its syncing speed seems very slow so I changed (upgraded with ...
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Do Light-clients still work after merge?
After the merge, my light client suddenly stopped working. Is there a way to fix this/ do I need to run a consensus node?
Thank you!
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How is consensus reached in a Decentralized Oracle Network?
I understand the deterministic nature of blockchains thus the need for oracles to feed outputs of non deterministic algorithms or API-calls to smart contracts. Using a single node oracle would defeat ...
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Why PoS block not strictly generated on 12 seconds
I'm trying to estimate the block arrival time in etherum PoS.
I was given to understand that every 12 seconds, a new block will be generated. I did a simple calculation but the result is not expected.
...
eth♦
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Why are Ethereum slots 12 seconds?
In Ethereum Proof of Stake, how was this particular slot time of 12 seconds decided upon?
Credit: https://old.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/gb8j89/eth20_slot_time_a_question/
eth♦
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What is the underlying mechanism behind empty slots in Ethereum?
Ethereum docs says:
However, occasionally validators might be offline when called to propose a block, meaning slots can sometimes go empty.
What happens when the randomly chosen validator is offline?...
eth♦
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How to implement a custom consensus mechanism in Ganache
As a beginner in the Ethereum world, I have developed a blockchain network in Ethereum using Truffle, Ganache and Web3.js. I can deploy smart contract to Ganache network and transactions are included ...
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Consensus Client vs Execution Client
Since the merge, the execution client (such as Geth) is insufficient to run full-node on Ethereum. You also need Consensus Client (such as a lighthouse).
Whats the difference between them? Which one ...
eth♦
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Run Execution Client without Consensus Client
I'm wondering if it's possible and if there is any reason to run the node only with Execution Client (Geth, or something else), but without any Consensus Client (Prysm, or something else) connected to ...
eth♦
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Are transactions duplicated in both beacon chain and execution layer?
What exactly is the content of blocks on the beacon chain? partially answers the question but still not complete to me.
I understand that since the merge, execution layer info are in beacon chain.
...
eth♦
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Casper FFG: How can this below scenario finalize two conflicting checkpoints without violating either Casper commandments?
Casper FFG states that it is impossible for any two conflicting checkpoints to be finalised unless >= 1/3 of the validators violate one of the two Casper commandments. I struggle to see how this ...
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What happens if 51% of validators in an epoch vote for an invalid block
Hypothesis
Full nodes that run both valid execution client and consensus-client would end up in a sort of deadlock and stop syncing. The consensus-client would try to feed the execution client with a ...
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Does empty slot (by the proposal being offline) mean no transaction processing for 12 seconds?
guys!
When a validator chosen as the block proposal in a certain block goes offline, the slot goes empty.
Does that mean that no single transaction is successfully processed for the slot (for 12 ...
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Where are the consensus rules for Ethereum located in the clients?
I am unsure of if they are now in the execution clients, or in the consensus client, or a combination of the two. I am specifically looking to find where a block would be marked invalid if there is ...
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Transaction pool validation of transactions and its relation to consensus rules
I see that the validateTx function in txpool.go in geth prohibits a transaction from entering the pool if it does not have enough eth to cover gas costs + the value it attempts to send. But is this ...
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FFG is based on pBFT which does not scale! How Ethereum still supports Millions of validators?
As long as I know FFG is based on pBFT algorithm which has finality but which can not scale.
How Ethereum manages to reach consensus with node count > 100 ?
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How does Ethereum's proof-of-stake consensus algorithm work?
Ethereum uses a proof-of-stake consensus algorithm to ensure the integrity and security of its blockchain. Can someone explain in detail how this algorithm works and how it helps to maintain the ...
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Miner-modifiability of block timestamp after the Merge
Under proof of work, the Ethereum block interval varied, but miners could modify the block timestamp by +/-15 seconds, as long as the modified value was greater than the parent timestamp, without the ...
eth♦
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Network partitioning and FINALITY
Imagine China has switched the internet off.
Half validators are in the China, half in the rest of the world. So we have a 2 separate networks (like a fork).
Each side produces some blocks and votes ...
eth♦
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What is the definition of a Byzantine node?
AFAIK there are 2 types of consensus algs.:
Crash Fault Tolerant - can withstand X% of nodes that "don't cheat"
Byzantine Fault Tolerant - can withstand X% of nodes that "can cheat&...
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Verifying Transactions before Finding Nonce
I am trying to learn theoretical fundamentals of Blockchain.
In PoW, the miner who finds the nonce first gets to create next block and all other nodes add that block.
Now, what I don't understand ...
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How to measure if validator DID NOT propose a block in 4 seconds (so he should be slashed)?
I have read the documentation and from what I understood - if selected block proposer does not propose a block in 4 seconds, he is slashed.
But how do we “measure” that 4 seconds? If some peers will ...
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Finalized Blocks/Slots in PoS Ethereum. (theoretically) After how many Slots will an Epoch be finalized?
What I'm trying to find out is: After how many Slots will an Epoch be finalized (theoretically)?
The first block in each epoch is a checkpoint and validators then vote on pairs of checkpoints that are ...
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Why did Ethereum PoS NOT use Tendermint as its consensus mechanism?
I am trying to understand why Ethereum decided to create Gasper, instead of using an established algorithm like Tendermint. It seems like Ethereum is now trying to gain single-slot finality (like that ...
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