Questions tagged [blockchain]
The Ethereum blockchain is a distributed database based on the Ethereum whitepaper specification and stores both the full transaction list and the most recent state.
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Kademlia: How does Ethereum uses node discovery protocol to avoid sybil/eclipse attacks?
I want to describe a case that's not clear to me. let's say we have 10 peer validator nodes who reach consensus and agree to store some blocks on their chain. Let's say now that a wallet wants to sync ...
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Why does Ethereum use JSON-RPC and not gRPC?
I am fairly new to networking protocols especially JSON-RPC and gRPC as they are not nearly as common in web development as REST. I was reading around and seems like gRPC generally performs better. So ...
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Is it possible to fork multiple blockchains at the same time for testing smart contracts?
I am trying to fork ethereum, polygon, and arbitrum at the same time. I tried to use ganache-cli specifying different ports for each chain but it does not seem to grab the chain data when I use a ...
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How do you prove ownership of a digital asset with NFTs?
I have a few questions regarding NFTs.
Every source I find online roughly says that an NFT is a blockchain-stored ownership certificate for a certain digital asset. But I don't understand how that ...
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Difference between Ethereum Web APIs and Ethereum API as a service
I am approaching ethereum for the first time and I am reading the documentation. Can anyone explain the difference between Ethereum Web APIs (BlockCypher) and The Ethereum API as a service (infura)? ...
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Problem In Getting Rinkeby Test Ethers
I tried to get rinkeby ethers from https://faucet.rinkeby.io/ by creating a tweet but the website shows "insufficient funds for gas * price + value” error. I also tried the website faucets....
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Error: Transaction reverted: function returned an unexpected amount of data, Pancakeswap
I really need your guy's help as I'm stuck in this for a week. Actually, I'm implementing a swap function on pancakeswap, I'm following this documentation. I'm doing swapEthForExactTokens but getting ...
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Ensuring the atomicity of multiple transactions
I am new to solidity and have been creating single (both basic and complex) transactions. However, I have a question which I couldn't come up with a solution.
How can I create 2 (or more) transactions ...
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How Merkle trees are implemented in a database exactly
I have just checked out these resources:
What is a Merkle Tree? Beginner’s Guide to this Blockchain Component
Using Merkle trees to detect inconsistencies in data
Exploring the use of Hash Trees for ...
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How to access txpool pending transactions using Netherum?
I want to get list of transactions which are in pending state & queued state in txpool. I can see these transactions in pool using txpool.inspect command.
I tried code given in nethereum sample ...
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Mining hangs on Generating DAG in progress
I am trying to initialize rpc using the below command and start miner using miner.start(1);
geth --rpcapi eth,web3,personal --rpc --networkid=15
Mining starts successfully with below logs but it ...
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Storing private data off-chain with a sharing feature upon request
My question is not very technical from an implementation point of view, but I am looking for advice to achieve a specific use case using blockchain tech. I would greatly appreciate any insights or ...
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How to encode data payload in ETH transaction
I'm using python to sign and send ETH transactions, and would like to do the same for ERC-20 token transactions as well. I'm having trouble correctly encoding the data payload to invoke the transfer ...
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Why does geth -light start importing block headers from 3297471
I've been using geth to download the blockchain (on full) and one of the requirements for my research involves the use of light clients. I used 2 computers to download the blockchain on the -light ...
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Did the ripemd precompiled contract get deleted?
A bug "caused account 0000000000000000000000000000000000000003 to be deleted in block 2675119, even though the deletion should have been reverted due to an out of gas error." Source
Did account 0..3 ...
eth♦
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Genesis.json permanence and updating the blockchain
I understand that the initial genesis.json attributes are a permanent thing, and it cannot be changed retroactively.
But what I want to know is which parameters are changeable afterwards and how?
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Can someone share your geth export file with me?
I need to setup an archival node ASAP but the download takes around 1-2 block per second. With this speed it will finish in 2 months (if it doesn't stall, but it does, I have to restart it manually ...
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Smart Contract/Nextjs Error: Returned values aren't valid, did it run Out of Gas?
I'm having an error while calling one of the function of the deployed contract from Next.js
Error: Parameter decoding error: Returned values aren't valid, did it
run Out of Gas? You might also see ...
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What are the countermeasures for losses in decentralized finance platforms like Aave?
I am a newbie in the blockchain/Web3 space and trying to understand the AAVE protocol.
Suppose a borrower deposits 1 ETH whose value is 500 DAI Tokens(500$) as collateral to borrow 100 DAI Tokens(100$)...
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Query Transactions between date ranges with Infura
I need to query ERC20 and ETH transactions by a date range and not simply get a paginated batch at a time.
How can I do this?
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Working with huff contract in foundry (a few questions)
I'm trying to deploy huff contract in foundry to goerli testnet (it is deployed), BUT:
Why is so that my runtime code looks like it was written in Solidity ? Is there a way to avoid this and create ...
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Deploy Upgradable contract with factory contract
I have a simple contract below Swap.sol that is upgradable.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later
pragma solidity ^0.8.4;
import "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/...
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How should a dapp store & query user profile data?
We are currently working on a dApp that will store user profile data and let its users query them. We haven't been able to figure out how to do that efficiently so far, and therefore we need to ask ...
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How can verify an NFT that I want to act as an access card?
Hey guys I'm trying to create a social group that has real world and cyber space meet ups.
I wanted the group to each have an edition of a NFT that I create and they get. When at these events how ...
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ERC721 "NFT" with ImageURL[] instead of single ImageURL
I am looking to create algorithmic NFT's that are built from multiple images. Rather than layering the images for all combinations and then storing all permutations I'd like to send an array of image ...
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How to run Chainlink Project using eth-brownie python
I had installed eth-brownie using command
pip install eth-brownie
after Brownie installed.I had bake existing Brownie project into a new directory.
mkdir MyChainlinkProject
cd MyChainlinkProject/
...
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Blockchain Performance Metrics
How can I measure blockchain execution time, latency and throughput?
Which API do I use to measure?
Anyone suggest any article or book for me to read about the blockchain performance metrics?
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Are the timestamps of blocks for Ethereum only accepted when they are monotonically increasing?
Are the timestamps of blocks for Ethereum only accepted when they are monotonically increasing? If yes, why? And why other blockchains like Bitcoin and other blockchains with shorter block time can ...
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Zero Knowledge Range Proofs
I am new to the world of Zero Knowledge Range Proofs. I read the following on GitHub: https://github.com/ing-bank/zkproofs
The Zero Knowledge Range Proof allows the blockchain network to validate ...
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Understanding what happens between transaction creation and block creation in Proof of Authority
I am currently writing my thesis where I'm investigating the potential of blockchain technology to become the underlying technology in a system that is create and record qualifications.
I'm at the ...
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Monitoring Eth Transactions and Syncing Native Database transactions with Etherium Blockchain
Currently, I have a node.js application which interacts with geth through web sockets. I have a listener,
web3.eth.subscribe( 'pendingTransactions', function(err, result) {
if(!err) {
...
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Parity create testing transactions and blocks
For test purposes, I would like to make test blocks including test transactions against main net.
For example I would like to make a transaction that sends one ether from 0x1234567... to 0x99999999......
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Uncle blocks in Parity PoA blockchain
As I know that there is no competition for mining new blocks in POA blockchain as each node mines new block at its given time slot.
I have a parity PoA blockchain setup with 5 nodes.
While examining ...
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How many non-empty accounts are there?
I am researching into the statistics of Ethereum and I an looking for a datum of how many non-zero balance account currently exist in Ethereum?
I know that in total 30M of accounts were created but ...
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Homomorphic Secret Sharing
Speaking of Ethereum blockchain, Is it possible to perform homomorphic secret sharing algorithmic calculations like SSS/pVSS/VSS on-chain? or should this be calculations performed off-chain
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geth - admin,addPeer() and static-nodes.json don't work
I'm trying to connect two nodes (both miners) on my private network.
They are based on the same VM in different data directories. They have different ports and are based on the same genesis file and ...
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SSL Support for Communication Between Geth Nodes
We are using private Ethereum network for a multi entity use-case. The problem is that all these entities geth nodes sits behind a firewall which only allows TLS traffic.
The node that's broadcasting ...
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In parity, how can I delete the last blocks I downloaded without corrupting the database?
I have found the blockchain data in parity. I go to overlayrecent folder and from there to the db folder. It looks like the blocks are the .sst files.
How can I delete the last blocks I downloaded ...
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How can i confirm transaction in geth from other peer of blockchain?
I have a query , I have create a private blockchain in which one geth node1 is use for transaction taking and other one(node2) is for mining .They are peered with each other and perfectly ...
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Geth bus fatal error
My geth node (v1.4.18 on testnet) has unexpectedly go down throwing an error like this:
I1028 04:46:29.305710 ethash.go:259] Generating DAG for epoch 44 (size 1442839168) (...
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Blockchain compression Suggestions
I am planning to do a course project on block chain compression so that network transfer time is optimized. I read somewhere that the EVM bytecode component of the blockchain can be compressed. Is ...
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Updated geth, now I am re-syncing the whole blockchain
This is the first time I have updated geth.
I was at a build of geth from several weeks ago, and this morning I updated to 1.4.12. I downloaded the pre-built binary to a new location on disk, ...
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TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'checkUpkeep')
i'm getting this error while testing patrick collins smart-contract-lottery project, below is
the part where the error coming from.
describe("checkUpkeep", async function () {
...
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Implementing Verkle Trees in Solidity, Generating Proofs, and Using Zokrates
I'm working on implementing Verkle Trees and looking for guidance on how to implement Verkle Trees in Solidity. I have a working python code with implementation of verkle trees, proof generation and ...
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Best practices for Hardhat deployment script?
As a newcomer in Solidity, I am trying to understand and create a deploy script that I will use for deploying my contracts.
Stack: Ether.js + hardhat + javascript
Here is the code that I came up with:
...
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An event with unclear purpose and data emitted in transactions
I've observed this in multiple txs I've looked at, so, here's a random one on Polygon Mumbai: link.
It contains several emitted events, the last of which is this:
What is this event and how to ...
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Convert FunctionMessage into ABI string using Nethereum
I want to convert FunctionMessage objects into ABI. Is there any function in Nethereum library to do this work or should I do it using reflection ?
code example:
[Function("balanceOf", "...
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Speed requirement of Ethereum 2.0 node
It is said that Ethereum 2.0 will reach 100k TPS.
Does it mean each node should be able to verify 100k transactions per second? Or the 100k transactions will be divided to 64 shards so each shard ...
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Configuring amountOutMinimum while swapping through Uniswap V3
I am trying to build a smart contract which performs a multihop swap using Uniswap V3 but wherever I have seen the tutorial, amountOutMinimum is set to 0.
In Uniswap V2 there are several ways to ...
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TypeError: Cannot read properties of undefined (reading 'toNumber')
I'm receiving type error please help
Test.js code
const { expect } = require("chai");
const toWei = (num) => ethers.utils.parseEther(num.toString())
const fromWei = (num) => ethers....
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