It sounds to me you run on a Windows OS. I professionally develop using C#, jQuery, etc., just like you. I got started developing smart contracts and interfaces on my Macbook Pro, but switched over to Windows 10 recently.
My suggestion would be to install Visual Studio Code, Git, and then follow this set of instructions on how to get setup developing Ethereum smart contracts on Windows using Geth, TestRPC, and Truffle. The languages you will be using include Solidity for smart contract development, and Javascript for your interface.
The tutorial I followed was in setting up a block explorer with a React.js front end. It was fairly simplistic; setting up the private Ethereum blockchain was one of the harder parts, but I learned a lot. In the end, using TestRPC was much faster for the actual smart contract development and debugging.
Don't bother trying to use Windows 10 Ubuntu subsystem; it took me an afternoon of frustration to learn the hard way that it's just not feasible.
As a side note, keep in mind that your "stack" does not involve a SQL database; the blockchain is your database, and runtime environment.