The Ethereum virtual machine has a large number of operation codes and base level instruction sets. Is a complete listing available?
4 Answers
All of the opcodes and their complete descriptions are available in the Ethereum Yellow paper. For convenience, though, I've made a handy reference list of them all:
0s: Stop and Arithmetic Operations
0x00 STOP Halts execution
0x01 ADD Addition operation
0x02 MUL Multiplication operation
0x03 SUB Subtraction operation
0x04 DIV Integer division operation
0x05 SDIV Signed integer
0x06 MOD Modulo
0x07 SMOD Signed modulo
0x08 ADDMOD Modulo
0x09 MULMOD Modulo
0x0a EXP Exponential operation
0x0b SIGNEXTEND Extend length of two's complement signed integer
10s: Comparison & Bitwise Logic Operations
0x10 LT Lesser-than comparison
0x11 GT Greater-than comparison
0x12 SLT Signed less-than comparison
0x13 SGT Signed greater-than comparison
0x14 EQ Equality comparison
0x15 ISZERO Simple not operator
0x16 AND Bitwise AND operation
0x17 OR Bitwise OR operation
0x18 XOR Bitwise XOR operation
0x19 NOT Bitwise NOT operation
0x1a BYTE Retrieve single byte from word
20s: SHA3
0x20 SHA3 Compute Keccak-256 hash
30s: Environmental Information
0x30 ADDRESS Get address of currently executing account
0x31 BALANCE Get balance of the given account
0x32 ORIGIN Get execution origination address
0x33 CALLER Get caller address. This is the address of the account that is directly responsible for this execution
0x34 CALLVALUE Get deposited value by the instruction/transaction responsible for this execution
0x35 CALLDATALOAD Get input data of current environment
0x36 CALLDATASIZE Get size of input data in current environment
0x37 CALLDATACOPY Copy input data in current environment to memory This pertains to the input data passed with the message call instruction or transaction
0x38 CODESIZE Get size of code running in current environment
0x39 CODECOPY Copy code running in current environment to memory
0x3a GASPRICE Get price of gas in current environment
0x3b EXTCODESIZE Get size of an account's code
0x3c EXTCODECOPY Copy an account's code to memory
40s: Block Information
0x40 BLOCKHASH Get the hash of one of the 256 most recent complete blocks
0x41 COINBASE Get the block's beneficiary address
0x42 TIMESTAMP Get the block's timestamp
0x43 NUMBER Get the block's number
0x44 DIFFICULTY Get the block's difficulty
0x45 GASLIMIT Get the block's gas limit
50s Stack, Memory, Storage and Flow Operations
0x50 POP Remove item from stack
0x51 MLOAD Load word from memory
0x52 MSTORE Save word to memory
0x53 MSTORE8 Save byte to memory
0x54 SLOAD Load word from storage
0x55 SSTORE Save word to storage
0x56 JUMP Alter the program counter
0x57 JUMPI Conditionally alter the program counter
0x58 PC Get the value of the program counter prior to the increment
0x59 MSIZE Get the size of active memory in bytes
0x5a GAS Get the amount of available gas, including the corresponding reduction
0x5b JUMPDEST Mark a valid destination for jumps
60s & 70s: Push Operations
0x60 PUSH1 Place 1 byte item on stack
0x61 PUSH2 Place 2-byte item on stack
…
0x7f PUSH32 Place 32-byte (full word) item on stack
80s: Duplication Operations
0x80 DUP1 Duplicate 1st stack item
0x81 DUP2 Duplicate 2nd stack item
…
0x8f DUP16 Duplicate 16th stack item
90s: Exchange Operations
0x90 SWAP1 Exchange 1st and 2nd stack items
0x91 SWAP2 Exchange 1st and 3rd stack items
… …
0x9f SWAP16 Exchange 1st and 17th stack items
a0s: Logging Operations
0xa0 LOG0 Append log record with no topics
0xa1 LOG1 Append log record with one topic
… …
0xa4 LOG4 Append log record with four topics
f0s: System operations
0xf0 CREATE Create a new account with associated code
0xf1 CALL Message-call into an account
0xf2 CALLCODE Message-call into this account with alternative account's code
0xf3 RETURN Halt execution returning output data
0xf4 DELEGATECALL Message-call into this account with an alternative account's code, but persisting the current values for `sender` and `value`
0xf5 CREATE2 Create a child contract with a deterministic address
Halt Execution, Mark for deletion
0xff SELFDESTRUCT Halt execution and register account for later deletion
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1Shouldn't there be some more pseudocontracts in this list? i.e. for SHA256, RIPEMD160, ECrecover, etc. I know they're not opcodes, but they're pretty closely related. Jan 21, 2016 at 0:47
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1pseudocontracts are a "gray" area for inclusion in this list... Question about them here ethereum.stackexchange.com/q/440/42– eth ♦Jan 31, 2016 at 23:59
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3For those wondering there are 12+11+1+13+6+12+32+16+5+5+1 = 114 opcodes. Then there's the 4 precompiled contracts, for a total of 118. Apr 12, 2017 at 8:48
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1I was expecting to see one or more opcodes relating to sending ether from the contract's account. Are there no such opcodes? If not, how is sending ether accomplished? Jul 23, 2017 at 7:05
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I am new to low level things, where i can use this opcodes ? please provide some links thanks Aug 22, 2017 at 10:58
1) Ethan's answer references the official list of opcodes in the Yellow Paper (YP). It can be a bit dry and difficult to navigate to the newcomer. My favorite list is this one: https://github.com/djrtwo/evm-opcode-gas-costs. It's easy to navigate, and it also contains opcodes gas information as well.
2) Some opcodes may be missing from the official YP list. An example that comes to mind is REVERT
(0xFD). I believe this opcode was introduced with Metropolis phase 1 (Byzantium), and it is still not mentioned in the YP. For that, your best reference will be an actual client implementation, or Solidity's implementation. Example: https://github.com/ethereum/solidity/blob/develop/libevmasm/Instruction.h (and .c as well). Be careful with clients' implementations though, they may contain opcodes that are still experimental.
Here is a more recent link to a repo. The list is usually updated after a new upgrade/fork on the network:
evm codes helps a lot! It shows the gas costs of each opcode, how it affects the stack, and has a very cool playground where you can test in solidity, yul, bytecode or mnemonics (opcodes) and see the change in stack, memory, storage and return variables in details