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Update Oct 21 2017

There are some changes with the Byzantium fork - getTransactionReceipt(...).status now returns 0 for a failed transaction and 1 for a successful transaction. EtherScan.io displays this status in the TxReceipt Status: field for transactions. See How do I detect a failed transaction after the Byzantium fork as the REVERT opcode does not consume all gas? for further information.

Note that there could be an issue detecting whether a transaction has failed due to a thrown error, as the situation can be detected by checking whether gas = gasUsed. I've created the question How can the transaction status from a thrown error be detected when gas can be exactly the same as the gasUsed for a successful transaction? to try to resolve this question.

See Why does a Solidity throw consume all gas? for more information about the throwing of errors and gas usage.

Note that there could be an issue detecting whether a transaction has failed due to a thrown error, as the situation can be detected by checking whether gas = gasUsed. I've created the question How can the transaction status from a thrown error be detected when gas can be exactly the same as the gasUsed for a successful transaction? to try to resolve this question.

See Why does a Solidity throw consume all gas? for more information about the throwing of errors and gas usage.

Note that there could be an issue detecting whether a transaction has failed due to a thrown error, as the situation can be detected by check whether gas = gasUsed. I've created the question How can the transaction status from a thrown error be detected when gas can be exactly the same as the gasUsed for a successful transaction? to try to resolve this question.

Note that there could be an issue detecting whether a transaction has failed due to a thrown error, as the situation can be detected by checking whether gas = gasUsed. I've created the question How can the transaction status from a thrown error be detected when gas can be exactly the same as the gasUsed for a successful transaction? to try to resolve this question.